Most bacteria, including many bacterial pathogens, are surrounded by an outer protective layer of sugar molecules, known as a ...

Marine animals, such as the extremely simple flatworm Trichoplax, are ideal model organisms for studying the early ...

Plants are a rich and renewable source of compounds used in medicines, food ingredients, and cosmetics. Since growing an entire plant just to extract a few specific compounds is rather inefficient, ...

Scientists have uncovered a direct molecular mechanism by which gut bacteria inject proteins into human cells, reshaping immune responses and potentially driving inflammatory disease. Scientists have ...

Researchers studying bacteria from freshwater lakes and soil say they have determined a protein's essential role in maintaining the germ's shape. Because the integrity of a bacterial cell's 'envelope' ...

Plant cell cultures are an attractive alternative to cultivating whole plants for obtaining natural compounds, but many biosynthetic genes remain inactive under standard culture conditions. Now, ...